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Sapphire is a mineral from the corundum group.
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Blue Sapphire.
The name 'corundum' comes from Sanskrit and presumably refers to the mineral's considerable hardness. Corundum comes in the form of several very valuable transparent color varieties, of which rubies and sapphires have been known as precious stones since time immenorial.
Today, the term sapphire includes all non-red corundums. Red varieties are called rubies, while other corundum colors suitable for jewelery processing are assumed to be sapphires. The color range of sapphire is usually shades of blue. Stones of other colors are called fancy and their color can be purple, green, yellow, orange, white, black or dark gray. The various shades of sapphire are the result of impurities. The colorants of blue sapphire are iron and titanium, and of purple are vanadium. Trivalent iron causes yellow and green shades, chrome and pink, while chrome in combination with iron and vanadium gives an orange color. The hardness of sapphire is the same as ruby's, Mohs:9
Sapphire can coexist with other mineralas such as ruby, topaz, zircon, tourmaline, garnet or spinel. Most of the sapphires come from Sri Lanka or Africa. The most valuable stones come from Kashmir in northern India. Sapphire occurs in the form of pyramid-shaped crystals, tablets, pseudo-hexagonal columns or barrels, often showing divisibility using twin planes.
Asterism occurs in sapphires when there are many filamentous rutile inclusions in the stone that reflect light, usually showing the star with six rays. The star effect is best seen when the stone is cut into a cabochon. Sapphires come in many shapes ans sizes. The white color is bought as a substitute for a brighter diamond, especially in engagement rings.
Since ancient times, sapphire has been a valued gemstone, from which beautiful jewelry was made.
Occurrences: Australia, Burma, India, China, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, United States, Nigeria and Thailand.
Sapphire in astrology: Vedic astology links yellow sapphire with the planet Jupiter, blue sapphire with Saturn. Western astrology links it with the zodiac sign of Taurus, with the month of April, and with the day of Wednesday. Chinese astrology links it with the year of the Rabbit (Cat)
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